Krenak Indians
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- Loukotka, C. Class. So. Am. Ind. lang.:p. 71 (Botocudo (Aimore, Batachoa; Brazil))
- Murdock world cult.:p. 180 (Botocudo (Aimore, Borun; Brazil))
- Voegelin lang.:p. 87 (Botocudo (Aimbore, Borun; Brazil))
- Work cat: História dos povos indígenas no Espírito Santo, 2019:preface (translated from Portuguese: ... Botocudo is a pejorative term derived from the word "botoques" [plugs or discs]; currently they call themselves Krenak ... [signed by editor Julio Bentivoglio])
- Povos indígenas no Brasil WWW site, May 7, 2021(Krenak: The Krenak or Borun are the last of the Botocudo do Leste (Eastern Botocudo), name given by the Portuguese in the end of the 18th Century to the groups that wore plugs in the ears and lips. They are also known as Aimoré, the name given to them by the Tupi, and as Grén or Krén, their self-denomination. Krenak comes from the name of the leader of the group that presided over the separation from the Gutkrák of the Pancas River, in the State of Espírito Santo, which occurred in the beginning of the 20th century)
The Aimoré (Aymore, Aimboré) are one of several South American peoples of eastern Brazil called Botocudo in Portuguese (from botoque, a plug), in allusion to the wooden disks or tembetás worn in their lips and ears. Some called themselves Nac-nanuk or Nac-poruk, meaning "sons of the soil". The last Aimoré group to retain their language is the Krenak. The other peoples called Botocudo were the Xokleng and Xeta. The Brazilian chief who was presented to King Henry VIII in 1532 wore small bones hung from his cheeks and from the lower lip a semi-precious stone the size of a pea. These were the marks of great bravery. When the Portuguese adventurer Vasco Fernando Coutinho reached the east coast of Brazil in 1535, he erected a fort at the head of Espírito Santo Bay to defend himself against the Aimorés and other tribes.
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